Old Fortress and Barbarossa Tower

The Old Fortress was built in the 12th century to guard the pass separating thBuilt in the 12th century, the fortress guarded the pass between Pistoia and Lucca. Today, only a 40-meter-high tower remains, once a strategic watchpoint. The medieval Statutes strictly regulated surveillance, assigning it to wealthy citizens under severe restrictions.e Pistoia and Lucca territories. The only remaining part of the original complex is the quadrangular-section tower, erected in 1140 by order of the Consuls of Pistoia. Access to the fortress is through the imposing Porta della Castellina, mentioned in the 12th-century Statutes.

The fortress was enclosed by a defensive wall, and entry was possible through two opposing gates located at the northern and eastern corners.

At its center stands the Barbarossa Tower (formerly erroneously called the Lombard Tower). The reason behind its current name is unclear, as no historical evidence connects it to Frederick Barbarossa.

The tower, over 40 meters tall, was strategically positioned at the highest point of the hill, allowing a wide view over the Valdinievole plain, all the way to Florence, Lucca, and even the sea. It also served as a communication point with other nearby towers (Monsummano Alto, Montecatini Alto, Castellina, and Vinacciano) through light signals.The entrance door is located 5.20 meters above the ground, as was customary in medieval military architecture, making it easier to defend.

The 12th-century Statutes contained strict regulations on tower surveillance, emphasizing its critical role as a keep and guard post. The guardian, chosen from wealthy Pistoia citizens, was required to stay inside the tower for four months, unable to leave. The door was locked from the outside, and no buildings could be constructed in the surrounding area, between Porta della Castellina and the municipal house.